Psychology and Theology Essay

1. My personal experience involves a combination of secular and religious study in the area of counseling.   This experience and education has led to a conclusion that although there are a number of opposing factors in the beliefs and theories used in both, the two are neither completely oppositional to each other nor mutually exclusive.   In many ways the views and methods of both can be combined to make a very effective counseling technique and a well rounded counselor (McMinn, 1996). Secular counseling has numerous theories on how people learn and that the ways they learn affect the methods needed to modify negative behaviors.   These techniques can work to some degree, such as offering a dollar for getting an A on a paper.   Children then become more motivated to get A’s.   These techniques often fail to create long term results however, as people often get tired and the excitement of the reward fades.   They then go back to old ways.   When the eternal rewards of spiritual counseling are added, however, the motivation for long term behavior change becomes much more long term. The two methods of counseling differ most greatly in life’s focus.   Secular counseling teaches that a strong sense of self will solve all problems, where as religious counseling teaches to focus everything around God and the problems will diminish (Kajer, 2006).   These can however be combined with the focus on God, while still encouraging the person to forgive himself and be comfortable with himself as the person God created.   This keeps the focus where it belongs while helping the person recognize himself as a creation from God. I have learned to find a combination of these views by realizing why secular counseling often fails, and realizing that although a person needs to be humble he still needs to respect what is God’s creation and take care of it. 2. All human beings have sinned, but not all of psychology is sinful or thinking  about humans as sinful.   Psychology is about the study of human behavior and because much of human behavior especially that requiring counseling is sinful, there is a degree of sin involved.   This does not make psychology sinful.   There are many psychologists and secular counselors with spiritual views and backgrounds.   Most of them are bound by legalities and job guidelines to keep the spiritual aspect of counseling out of the job, but not only because they are sinful humans or because they are thinking about sinful humans. Many of the theorists in psychology have developed theories that contradict many Biblical teachings, the most notable one being self actualization.   In this theory, the person’s main goal is to reach the perfect self at which time he has reached the ultimate existence. This additionally is based on the theory that human beings are inherently good and not evil and can naturally distinguish between right and wrong (Management, 2005). Obviously this kind of thinking is sinful as spiritual people are supposed to strive to be closer to God and to live according to his will in order to reach the ultimate existence. If a counselor can balance the basic idea of psychology (the study of human behavior) and the theological values, there is no reason psychology should be considered a sinful study or practice.   It does focus on the behavior of humans and how to change deviant behavior to make it more positive.   It is based on discovering how people learn and then taking that knowledge to help modify behavior.   It only becomes a sinful practice when those studying or teaching it contradict God’s teachings. 3. My goal as a counselor should be to help minimize the pain and negative  effects of suffering and to help prevent as many future problems as possible.   In order for a counselor to continue to function and perform the job successfully, it is important to remember and understand that there is no way to prevent every cause of pain and heal all suffering.   There is no way to completely take away the pain a child feels after losing a parent or prevent an accident from happening.   It would not be realistic for any counselor to think it is possible or even ideal to keep all pain from happening. People are allowed to suffer disappointments, set backs and losses in order for them to learn from them (Gress, 2007).   If   everything worked out exactly as people wanted them to and there were never any disappointments the world would be filled with a bunch of spoiled adults, who were unable to appreciate anything. Counselors who go into the profession with the belief they can solve every problem and make everyone’s pain completely go away are setting themselves up for failure and disappointment, because they are expecting to accomplish the impossible.   Those who set the realistic goals of providing comfort, minimizing grieving, speeding emotional healing, and modifying behavior when needed are the counselors most likely to stay in the field long term.   The ones who hope to solve everyone’s problems have a tendency to take the problems upon themselves and â€Å"burn out† relatively soon.   Counselors need to focus on the most significant problem for each person and work on one thing at a time. 4. The subject of a healthy sense of self is one major difference between  psychology and theology.   Both views involve people who are happy, and focused on a goal, but the views differ greatly in the center of the focus. Many psychological theories focus on making people feel good about themselves and then everything else in the world will fall into place.   In this case a healthy sense of self is essentially a â€Å"puffed up self†, or a person who thinks of himself as the most important person in the world and can do no wrong.   This involves making the person become the center of his Universe. The Biblical view of a healthy sense of self places God in the proper place as the center of man’s universe and when the focus is on God, everything else falls into place.   This requires the person to learn humility and to give God his proper credit for the role he plays in a person’s life.   The view here is that when a person is focused on living life for God, he will be happy and comforted in the knowledge that he is putting forth his best effort for God. A person with a true healthy sense of self would be a person who values himself as a creation of God and a worker for him.   This is a person who knows his place in the world, yet places the focus of the world on God.   As the person strives to be more like God, he appreciates what God has provided him and uses the talents God has given him.   This person is happy and well adjusted to the world around him.   He knows his talents and his mission and uses them to grow closer to God. This description of a healthy sense of self tends to lean more towards the Biblical view, but does place value on the person and God’s creation and teaches the person to have respect for himself.   This is consistent with God’s teaching that the body is his temple and that people need to care for their bodies and respect them. 5. Scripture can provide answers to essentially any problem that is faced by  people.   Verses that say â€Å"through God all things are possible† or â€Å"I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me† (NIV) provide people with the knowledge that they do not have to face problems alone and that there is hope.  Ã‚   When a counselor is allowed to use scripture and the hope it provides, the counselor has a great deal more comforting hope to provide the person who is suffering. The instruction and guidance provided by scripture can provide the counselor with a great deal of information and guidance to help the counselee though most of life’s situations.   It additionally provides more appropriate alternatives to deviant behavior and provides people with ways to resist the temptation of falling back into old unhealthy habits.   In more extreme cases the Bible can show examples of what has happened to people who could not change behavior or are unable to turn problems over to God. In addition to providing the counselor with the most powerful tool available, it can provide a source of comfort and hope for the counselor as well.   When a counselor begins to feel overwhelmed or helpless, the same verses that provide comfort to the counselees facing crisis can provide renewed strength and hope for the counselor. Scripture provides the hope, answers, and promises to help people overcome the greatest obstacles, but they need to follow the directions and examples the Bible provides. 6. Most secular counseling jobs do not allow counselors to use scripture or express their personal religious beliefs to counselees.   The purpose of this is to avoid pressuring people into complying with beliefs that go against their religious beliefs.   In the United States people do have the right of religious freedom.   The rights of others have to be respected by the counselor.   Using prayer in these settings could cause the counselor to lose his job, or the counselee could lose respect for the professionalism of the counselor. Religious counselors have more freedom in this area due to the fact that they are counseling in a spiritual based setting.   When people seek the help of these counselors, they know they are going to a person who uses the Bible as a reference and a basis for the counseling.   Payer is more accepted and sometimes expected in these counseling settings and can be very helpful with counselees who need the hope and guidance of God (Goliath, 2007). A counselor with a new counselee should ask the person if they would like to pray,   this provides the counselee the option of being prayed for if they would like it.   For those who do not feel comfortable with prayer or would not take the prayer seriously additionally have the option of passing on it. The counselor can pray for those who choose against prayer when the session is over.   During the private times of prayer the counselor can ask for guidance to help the person not only overcome the crisis, but to grow more comfortable with prayer and asking God for his help.   Everyone needs prayer, but if a person prefers private prayer or has different beliefs than the counselor, it can either cause the counselee to not return or can cause a setback in the counseling process.   Counselees need to feel comfortable during counseling sessions in order for progress to be made. 6. Sin is often the source of the problems for which people seek counseling.   In  order for the situation to be resolved and the person to get past it, the sin has to at some point be confronted.   The problem is how a counselor should go about confronting the sin.   If the sin is confronted before the counselee is willing to admit that sin is the cause of the problem, there is a chance he will leave and the problem will not get resolved.   If the counselor however spends too much time making the counselee comfortable and avoiding the issue, the sin will not be likely to be confronted and the situation still stands the chance of not getting resolved. In the very first session, the counselor needs to get a back ground of why the counselee has either sought or been referred for counseling.   One of the best ways to do this is to ask him.   Along with this is a good time to ask if there was any sin involved that needs to be forgiven.   If he is able to state the sin and talk about it then the sin should be confronted and resolved very early in the counseling.   Then healing can begin quickly. If the person denies sin as playing a part in the situation, then the instigating situation needs to be discussed in greater detail and possible reasons behind that including sin pointed out.   Once the person is able to understand there is sin in his life, then is the best time to talk about ways to have the sins forgiven both by God and anyone who was sinned against. The best way to confront sin is to ask questions and to provide guidance as  needed.   Direct confrontation often leads people to be offended and shut down, but  questions can lead them to discover the problem on their own.   Although it is never easy to confront someone on sin, a counselor or church leader must do it in order to help those in need overcome the sin (Adams, 1980)

Bahram Ahmadi

A programme of work for the implementation of a strategy is a large set of coherent guidelines that include several activities in the program so as to achieve certain objectives. It involves several processes including organising, coordination, developing, designing, training, building, developing, growing, closing, etc. In any program strategy for a project, the objectives of the organisation play a very important role.The project program strategy gives importance to the manager that would be responsible for carrying out the operations of the project, the timing and the nature of the activities, and the dealing with specific tastes of the customers. Project program strategy is highly specific to a project. However, there may be more than one strategy to be employed to meet the objectives of the project. During the planning stages, the managers would sit down to develop a strategy.These strategies are developed so as to be appropriate with the characteristics of the organisation, hum an resources, geographical location, social features, politics, etc (Walter, 1999). For each project in an organisation, the program of work (workflow as such) is managed independently. The project manager would be looking at several limitations in the resources, including time, money and the scope.A project may fail due to several reasons (including deficiency of resources, lack of goals, conflict issues, problems with the customers, etc), and the manager would have to anticipate these problems right during the initiation of the project and ensure that a problem-solving process is enabled. Each project manager would be determining the ongoing processes in the project through monitoring and evaluation of the performances.The project manager would have to adopt different strategies so that the organisation could achieve certain objectives and hence reach a desired goal (Brentani, 2003, Walter, 1999, University of Texas, 2007 & Rad, 2006). The process of developing a strategy for the project is very simple. The managers would have to sit down and decide the various objectives that need to be achieved by the project. The means of achieving such objectives need to be discussed. The manager should involve other parties including the administration, the portfolio manager and the stakeholders.It may be very difficult to come to a consensus if too many people are involved in the process. This is because several people may have different values, outlines and approaches. The process of setting up the objectives, determining the goals and the ways of achieving them is very tedious and could take a long time. The manager should associate the strategy needed to achieve the objectives. During the final stages, the manager would have to also ensure that the strategy/ies adopted help to meet the objectives (Walter, 1999)On the other hand, portfolio of the project management is an approach in which various projects in an organisation are treated as smaller portions of a much l arger venture (with respect to investment and resource allocations). The project portfolio management would be functional right from the initiation of the project to the very completion. Certain instruments are utilised in the portfolio project management to help the managers (including planning, allocation of resources, evaluation, monitoring, analysing, standardization, etc).This can be considered as a centralised instrument required to effectively handle several projects in an organisation and to study the performance of several projects that may run in an organisation. It can be utilised to compare and contrast various projects. One very important feature of project portfolio management is to determine the costs, expenditure, benefits, investments and other features of the project. In recent years portfolio management has turned out to be a very important aspect of planning, especially in IT firms.IT companies would be managing several projects and programs running in various pa rts of the world through an effective portfolio management system. Studies conducted in the past have demonstrated a little less than half of the IT companies are unable to meet their targets due to inefficient portfolio management (Oracle, 2007, Stanford University, 2007 & UMT Consulting Services, 2007). The portfolio manager mix of projects should be such that the resources of the organisation are utilised effectively.They should be selected in such a way that the risks are significantly reduced. The portfolio manager is in a good position to priortize the projects and accordingly allocates the resources. He should be able to select the project based on their ability to fulfil certain criteria (Crow, 2004 & Oracle, 2007). A portfolio management system would be much broader and would include several other processes such as defining the opportunities, bringing those projects into the focus that would be able to achieve some objectives, monitoring of the projects, etc.Portfolio manag ement should be considered to be an art rather than a science. Frequently, portfolio managers would have to work with the fund managers of the organisation, so that there is effective use of the money. Portfolio management is frequently utilised in several developed, and slowly developing nations are moving towards effective portfolio management (Crow, 2004, Brentani, 2003 & Rad, 2006). A portfolio management system is often utilised by an organisation to bring about success in the project (as many projects could be effectively be handled simultaneously).A portfolio may be funds or resources and can be utilised by the organisation to increase returns over a very short period of time. An organisation would observe that the resources available at any point of time would be less than the amount of resources required by a particular project. Hence, one of the main objectives of the portfolio managers would be to effectively manage the resources of several ongoing projects. The managemen t of the organisation needs to sit and figure out what the commitment of the organisation would actually be.As management of an organisation is a dynamic process, this exercise has to be done from time to time. Besides, actually managing several resources including human resources, logistics, IT, support systems, etc, time also needs to be handled. The management should be very much interested in ensuring that the portfolio management processes are enabled properly. The organisation should ensure that the interests of each and every protject are enabled. If a project is not performing properly, the ideal plan would be to discontinue it, if the organisation does not have the resources to handle it.A proper flow of information of the project should exist so that the process of monitoring is effective. It is very important that the projects be managed in a formal and official manner. The data that would be flowing would be much more accurate and effective in ensuring the objectives of the organisation are met. There should be a clear flow of data between the programs, projects and the portfolios (Brentani, 2003, Walter, 1999, & Rad, 2006). In the portfolio management, all the projects that are ongoing in the organisation are chosen and a standardised fashion of evaluating them is utilised.Portfolio management is very much required for the production, development and the utilisation of ideas and intellectual property in various projects in an organisation. The portfolio manager would be performing various tasks such as reallocating and promoting the staff members (as per their characteristics) in various projects. Thus it can be seen that if an organisation has a very good portfolio manager, he would be using the human resources very efficiently (UMT Consulting Group, 2007). The entire framework of portfolio management involves three steps, namely creating, selecting and managing.The goals and the strategies to be adopted in the portfolio management are made keepi ng in mind the characteristics of the organisation. Accordingly, new opportunities that are present should be identified and resources allocated. The objectives have to be prioritised and the tasks and activities that are to be done are selected. Finally, it is also important that the project be managed in the most efficient and organised manner (UMT Consulting Group, 2007). Many organisations do not have any portfolio management process running.Only the companies that feel that research frequently perform it and development is vital for the well being of the company. Only about 10 % of all organisations in the industry do have a strong portfolio management system in place. If a portfolio management system were not in place, then all the projects in the organisation would be given equal amount of importance or authorisation. This would result in all the projects that are going on in the organisation are given equal amount of resources (Rad, 2006).In an organisation, the project or t he program manager would ensure that the project could achieve its objectives. On the other hand, the portfolio manager would ensure that the operational activities and the maintenance programs in the organisation are smooth and functional. The team leader and the middle scale managers usually do the project management. On the other hand, the higher staff members including the administration do the portfolio management.The higher management of the organisation would be concentrating on the portfolio, rather than the functioning of each individual project (Brentani, 2003 & Rad, 2006). In a project or a program management, the team leaders and the manager would ensure that the staff members meet the specific goals of the project. The organisations main aim would be to deliver quality products or services. The portfolio manager would instead be ensuring that the goals of each and every project are in tune with that of the organisation.In the project management, a lot of importance is g iven to completing the tasks on time and ensuring that costs are limited. On the other hand, the portfolio management would be concentrating to a very less extent on fulfilling completion tasks on time and using the minimal amount of resources. The members of the portfolio management team would include the leader, the stakeholder, advocates, project managers and the office managers (Brentani, 2003, Stanford University, 2007 & Rad, 2006). The project or the program management should work in coordination with the portfolio management.Several processes in the project such as selection of the resources, prioritisation of the targets of the project, and the resource allocation should be performed in the most appropriate manner. The decision-making of the project needs to be very active and dynamic in nature. Informed decision-making and resource allocation is very important for the project to function properly. The project or program manager has to ensure that certain structures or a fra mework in the organisation is in place before the functional activities can be carried out.The project environment should be such that the objectives kept in mind can be achieved. The program manager and the portfolio manager should ensure that an environment is created that would be conducive to achieving the objectives of the organisation. The project members should function as a team so that the objectives are met. The team working on the project should have the skill, experience, knowledge and the competence to carry out the tasks of the project.One of the main reasons why projects do not succeed is because they may take long time to produce the results or may consume a lot of the resources. To ensure the project is effective (to ensure completion of the tasks) and efficient (completion of the tasks with appropriate use of the resources) in its objectives, it is very much needed that both the project management and the portfolio management work in close coordination with each ot her (Brentani, 2003 & Rad, 2006). The management activities of the portfolio management would be repetitive in nature.On the other hand, the management activities of the project management would be cyclic in nature. If the portfolio manager can take care of the functioning of all the projects, then the organisation can be considered to be very competitive. If a project does well, it would have an impact on the functioning of the organisation, but also on other projects (Brentani, 2003 & Rad, 2006). Portfolio management would definitely help the organisation to grow, expand and develop. The wealth of the organisation would increase with an effective portfolio management strategy.The portfolio manager would be bringing in various assets (including infrastructure, support systems, financial resources, human resources, logistics, etc) and securities into the organisation. He would be considering investing in various ways including growth stock investing and value stock investing. From t ime to time, the objectives of the organisation would vary and hence, it is the duty of the portfolio managers to vary the investment pattern in the organisation. A greater amount of flexibility would be required.The management style of the portfolio managers should also vary depending on the needs (Brentani, 2003). A portfolio manager and the program/project manager would be concentrating on different characteristics of the project. The portfolio manager would be using the PPM (project portfolio management) tools, whereas the project manager would be using the single-project management tools. The PPM tools would ensure that the functioning becomes more and more efficient, the costs are effectively distributed and the profits of the organisation are increased.It also ensures that the organisation is following a particular framework whilst managing the projects (Brentani, 2003 & UMT, 2007). Each project has to be carefully planned and implemented in the organisation. The entire proje ct management should be done in phases. The project management tools would ensure that the staff members make effective use of the resources in the organisation and ensure completion of the targets that are required within the project. The project manager would have to motivate the staff so that the work is improved in quality and the project is able to achieve its targets.Only if the management practises of the project are appropriate, could it be able to achieve its objectives (Free Management Library, 2007, Brentani, 2003 & Rad, 2006). The program strategy would be concerning a greater amount of internal issues with relation to the project, whereas the project portfolio management would be concerning the external issues. It is necessary that the portfolio mangers align their objectives as per the strategic objectives of each program.The portfolio processes should be customised to suit other management processes that would be functional in the organisation, simultaneously. Both pr ogram strategy management and portfolio management involve interacting with the clients, and hence demonstrate the importance of clients with respect to management and its processes (Stanford University, 2007). References: Brentani, C. (2003), Portfolio Management, Elsevier, Philadelphia http://books. google. com/books? id=8LJrilH_eEEC&pg=PT14&dq=portfolio+management&sig=x-IYrHl67RaZTocKedqv_fTBX3w#PPT16,M1Crow, K. (2004), A Practical Approach To Portfolio Management, [Online], Available: http://www. npd-solutions. com/portfolio. html, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Free Management Library (2007), Project Management, [Online], Available: http://www. managementhelp. org/plan_dec/project/project. htm, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Oracle (2007), Peoplesoft Enterprise Project Portfolio Management, [Online], Available: http://www. oracle. com/media/peoplesoft/en/pdf/datasheets/e_epm_ds_projportmgmt_41005. pdf, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Rad, P.F. & Levin, G. (2006), Project Portfolio Man agement, IIL, New York. http://books. google. com/books? id=PUavbSMdP7QC&pg=PA7&dq=project+portfolio+management&sig=Nwscmbzr4s8B_X2cHG26-1hiW9Y#PPA10,M1 Stanford Advanced Project Management (2007), Mastering the Project Portfolio, [Online], Available: http://apm. stanford. edu/courses/MPP. html, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Stanford University (2007), Portfolio Management Team, [Online], Available: http://www. stanford. edu/dept/its/projects/PMO/files/pmt. html, [Accessed: 2007, August 18].Walter, S. L. (1999), Defining and developing program strategies, [Online], Available: http://www. sil. org/lingualinks/literacy/PlanALiteracyProgram/DefiningAndDevelopingProgramSt. htm, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. Walter, S. L. (1999), Defining program objectives, [Online], Available: http://www. sil. org/lingualinks/literacy/PlanALiteracyProgram/DefiningProgramObjectives. htm, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. UMT Consulting Services (2007), PPM – Project Portfolio Management Consulting, [Onl ine], Available: http://www.umt. com/site/PPM-Consulting_60. html? PHPSESSID=9917b5631be27d19dbb1d077885e2866, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. UMT Consulting Group (2007), What's Really Driving the Importance of Portfolio Management? (DM Review, February 27, 2004), [Online], Available: http://www. umt. com/site/Why-Portfolio-Management_4. html, [Accessed: 2007, August 18]. University of Texas –DIIA (2007), Project management tutorial, [Online], Available: http://www. utexas. edu/academic/cit/howto/tutorials/project/index. html, [Accessed: 2007, August.

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Writting paper - Essay Example Struggling financially is a burden for them both, yet the husband is placing his career in danger by taking time off due to hangovers. The wife is willing to go out to work so that extra money is brought into the house but the husband believes that his wife should stay at home and raise the children; conventionally this is ideal, however the husband can not afford to be as proud or stubborn as he is being so far. The husband is placing extra pressure on his wife by drinking. Not only is this using the finances they are struggling to earn, but he is not providing the physical and mental support she needs. The husband has a family history of drinking, this is an added concern as alcoholism can be a genetic issue. The husband is repentant when sober and knows he is wrong, yet when his wife attempts to confront him regarding this, he leaves the house to go and drink. With regards to the rest of the family, there are older children present who are equally concerned with their father’s behaviour, they have asked questions regarding his drinking and are worried that as their grandfather died of a drinking related illness, their father is at risk. Social issues are apparent as the older children are concerned with regards to bringing friends home. The husband is clearly fraught with worry as to how the family are going to cope financially. Medical bills are bleeding them dry and he is finding it hard to keep his head above water. Clearly a very proud man, he feels that he has to cope with this on his own. Having considered all these facts, it is unmistakably clear that this family needs support and assistance. It is proposed that for a temporary period, or until the family are able to cope again, some intervention is necessary. Firstly, the husband’s drinking needs to be assessed and dealt with; once this has been managed, the husband will feel in a better frame of mind to cope and will discontinue this negative pattern of

Research write up for publication in a UK nursing journal from an Essay

Research write up for publication in a UK nursing journal from an already written disertation - Essay Example Methods: An ethnographic approach was the basis of the research undertaken. This approach allows an understanding from an insider’s perspective that focuses on the interactions that occur and lead to the assessment of hand washing. In keeping with the requirements of the approach a sampling plan was devised. Intrusive data collection methods were eliminated from use. Four care homes from within two primary care trusts were selected from the care homes that volunteered for the study. The sampling process for participants was the same for each of the four participating care homes. The participants included both qualified nursing staff and care assistants. Observation and interviews were the means by which data was collected. Domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis and theme analysis was used to analyse the data collected. Findings: Management styles had a significant impact on the socio-cultural influence on the decisions with regard to hand washing. Where management styles were authoritative and interfered in all aspects of the functioning, thus reducing the autonomy of the nursing staff there was a negative impact on the socio-cultural influences and thereby a negative attitude towards hand washing. Where the management styles offered greater autonomy in the functioning of the nursing staff and encouraged discussions on hand washing a positive impact on the socio-cultural influences was clearly visible and accordingly a higher importance given to hand washing. Conclusions: Lack of motivation is not the reason for health care workers not performing hand decontamination risk assessment. It is the social and cultural environment that the health care worker is in that decides the performance of hand decontamination risk assessment. The more amenable the environment the more favourable the impact upon the ability to perform the decision

Western Civilization. Changing Attitudes from the Ancient World to the Essay

Western Civilization. Changing Attitudes from the Ancient World to the Early Modern Period - Essay Example The departure from the classical period into the middle ages was heralded by Christianity. Religion played a great deal in the events that led to the changes in both the medieval world and the renaissance. This paper will endeavor to point out the major factors of change from each era leading up to the 'rebirth' of a nation and the evolution of a continent. In order to accomplish this, we will start with a brief look of the transition from the classical era to the medieval period. The first focus of the paper will look at how the medieval time period was seen by those wanting change, and by examining key factors that contributed to the changes that led to the renaissance. Second the paper will examine at what point changes occurred and how these contributed to the revolution that was the renaissance. The paper will conclude with a look at the effects of those changes and how they affected the world at large. Religion throughout time has played a great role in the evolution of nations. Men have killed and been killed for their faith. The period after the classical know as the 'early middle ages' was fraught with religious overtures. The rule of law was based in god and the might of the king was based in his faith and in the power of the clergy who backed his rule. It was a time of the 'divine right of kings'. A good example of this is the story of Charlemagne who was crowned king due to his faith and devoutness by Pope Leo III.1 The rules of justice were also simplified and meted out by the king, the clergy and the aristocracy. This idea of divine right and the power of a certain body of individuals led to the suppression of the individual and his rights as a freeman. They were subjugated in favor of faith and authority. Religion and issues of eternal life took to the forefront and all things individualistic, such as art, were relegated to positions of least importance. This is the first glimpse of the 'backward' nature of the medieval era. The second factor that led to the belief of the middle ages as a backward time was the notion that this period was culturally stagnant. It was a time believed to have a "lack of secular Latin literature' as well as 'corruption within the Church such as Popes who ruled as kings, pagan superstitions with saints relics, celibate priesthood, and institutionalized moral hypocrisy."2 This view probably came from the fact that learning was mainly in the hands of the clergy. Most written works were of a religious nature done by scribes who slowly and meticulously copied and recorded only what was given to them by the church. There was not much written about the arts or science all secular beliefs banished from the light. There was no balance of society and the individual, and only the worldview of serving your faith (God) and serving your lord through obedience and following life according to the will of the church. It was an age of the supernatural versus reason with no options for choice. The third factor in the middle ages 'backward' theory stems from the economic sector. This was also stagnant due to the power being held in the hands of the aristocracy and the guilds. The wealth of the society was in the hands of a few and no one individual could do business without the approval or backing of the guilds or the aristocracy. An emerging middle class at the end of the Crusades was also to become apart of this factor for change. At the end of the Crusades, many people sought out life in the cities and created a need for goods and services. They also developed an interest in the many cultures they had come in contact and wanted to experience and change

Dramatic Irony to Build the Character of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Dramatic Irony to Build the Character of Macbeth Essay Macbeth, there’s a passage in which the King is speaking with Banquo and Macbeth. They are in the King’s palace, commenting about Macbeth becoming Thane of Cawdor. One of the literary resources that Shakespeare constantly uses is irony. In this case, he uses dramatic irony, in which the audience is aware of a situation that the other characters are not familiar with. In this specific circumstance, he uses the irony to build up the character of Macbeth, to let the audience judge him themselves. There are various examples in which the dramatic irony is explicit. The King has high expectations of the deeds that Macbeth is going to fulfill. He trusts Macbeth and he has just been assigned to be Thane of Cawdor. â€Å"He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust†. The King is referring to the former Thane of Cawdor who betrayed him, he’s committing the same mistake twice, but he seems to be too naive, not considering the fact that maybe Macbeth can betray him too. Macbeth is not planning on doing so yet, but he is being tempted to. The audience knows that Macbeth has spoken to the three witches, that he has the idea of becoming king in his mind, the king doesn’t know this. Macbeth has been presented to us as a good person, not evil. He doesn’t seem to have any plans against the king, or against anybody, he seems to be honest and pacific. We think like this and so do the rest of the characters. The problem is that an obstacle has been placed in his way, he has been tempted, he is being manipulated into becoming greedy and ambitious. Temptation is attacking his mind, one can clearly identify this in his aside, â€Å"let not light see my black and deep desires† . He is admitting to himself that he is feeling inducement to commit a crime in order to get to the crown. The situational irony here is present because of the fact that the king is saying wonderful comments about Macbeth and he is answering him with all respect and honor, but the audience hears his aside, proving him to be kind of a hypocrite. The image the spectators have of Macbeth is beginning to change. Macbeth praises the King in each and every one of his sentences. He continues telling him how hard he is going to work for him, how much he honors him and what a pleasure it is to work directly for him. The viewers start to question the veracity of Macbeth’s statements. He seems to be trying to convince the King to trust him, when Macbeth doesn’t even trust himself because he is very confused. â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe, / In doing it, pays itself. † Macbeth seems to be honest when he speaks these words, but when we listen to his soliloquy we doubt this. This is what builds the situational irony again. The dramatic irony is a tool for the audience to learn more about the character of Macbeth. The listeners used to think that Macbeth was impulsive, naive, and good hearted, after this scene, people start to question that. This aims to the theme of the play, â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair† . There’s confusion between what’s right and what’s wrong. To this point, the spectators don’t know what to think about Macbeth, it is all summarized in what the king said, â€Å"There’s no art / To find the mind’s construction in the face. † No matter what your image of somebody is, there’s a fifty/fifty chance that this is false.

Compatibility of marketing strategies to environment

Compatibility of marketing strategies to environment The beverage industry is highly taken up by the Cola-War between the two giant rivals, Coca Cola and PepsiCo. However, Coca-Cola holds the major share world-wide, the case is reverse for the Pakistani market, where, Pakistan Beverage Ltd. had been and is a major player in the beverage industry. PEPSI is under PBL and is a market leader with over 70 percent market share of the soft-drink industry in Pakistan. (Indian Pakistani trade unit website). The current marketing plan is aimed at analysing, the scenario of the company with respect to its marketing activities and proposing/recommending, any changes required. This marketing plan aims to identify the compatibity of the companys basic marketing strategies to its marketing environment, its competitors, its customers keeping in lieu its over all strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities. This plan then aims to analyse the companys mission statement with respect to its goals and objectives followed by the analyses of the current marketing strategies and marketing mix. Lastly, this report proposes recommendations the company should look into adopting. COMPANY INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION: According to the official website of Pepsi Co, PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with 2005 revenues of more than $32 billion and more than 157,000 employees. Pepsi co, Inc is founded by Donald M. Kendall, and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi-Cola and Herman W. Lay, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Frito-Lay, through the merger of two companies(official website of Pepsi). However, Pepsi-cola was formed by the end of 1890s. With brands that are almost 100 years old, Pepsi ® Co. PepsiCo is organized in six divisions: Frito-Lay North America, Frito-Lay International, Pepsi-Cola North America, Gatorade/Tropicana North America, PepsiCo Beverages International and Quaker Foods North America. The Companys North American divisions operate in the United States and Canada and accounts for seventy percent of its sales. Its international divisions operate in over 175 countries, with PepsiCos largest operations in Mexico and the United Kingdom. PepsiCo is working hard to build its presence in emerging markets like India, China and Russia. PepsiCo World Headquarters is located in Purchase, New York. PepsiCo is traded as PEP on NYSE. In the year 2006 Pepsi was ranked among Top 100 Brands by Business Week, ranks 18th PepsiCo ranks 18 out of Top 50 Companies for Diversity list by DiversityIncs. However according to the annual report of 2005, the growth in the carbonated sector, had slowed down and due to that, the company is now ahead into diversification in organic products. (Official website of PepsiCo) PepsiCo is a leader in innovation (three of top ten new food and beverage products are Pepsi-Cola brands). Consumers consider PepsiCos Quaker and Tropicana brands the healthiest among all brands. PepsiCos success is the results of superior products, high standards of performance, distinctive competitive strategies and the high integrity of its people. (Source: official website of Pepsi Co, www.pepsico.com) BRANDS AND COMPANIES PepsiCo has hundreds of brands. These are some of the best known: Frito-Lay Brands, Pepsi Cola Brands, Gatorade Brands, Tropicana Brand, and Quaker Brands (Official website of Pepsi Co.). (Source: www.pepsico.com) MARKETING ENVIRONMENT: According to Dibb et.al, (2006), the marketing environment consists of the political, legal, regulatory, societal/Green, technological and economic and competitive forces (also known as PESTLE), that surrounds the buyer and the company. Marketing environmental forces are an important element because; they influence the customer by affecting their life style, standard of living, preferences and needs of a product as well as also alter opportunities that the marketer may want to take advantage of. It helps plan how marketing activities should be planned. The company has to keep a close view of the changes taking place in the marketing environment. To study how Pepsi Co, operates in Pakistan, it is an essential to view the macro environment. It consists of the factors and forces that directly affect the microenvironment of a company. MACRO ENVIORNMENT: The macro environment of Pepsi Co. Pakistan is as follows: ECONOMIC: Inflation: Inflation is basically a rise in the price of goods and services. But with respect to Pepsi, there is a very insignificant price change in the product and consumers drink Pepsi habitually so it does not create an impact on the demand of the product. Price Sensitivity: Because of the nature of the products there are some industries in Pakistan that are highly sensitive to the price. The Beverage industry is one of those sensitive industries because of its nature and competition in the market. The competition between the Pepsi ® and Coca Cola plays a very important role in determining the prices of the drinks. A decrease in the price by one competitor forces the other competitor to reduce the prices as well. Pepsi ® offers various discounts and cutting off the prices, time to time, in order to capture the market and give benefits to the people. Taxation: Taxes are imposed by the governments; it is one of the main reasons for an increase in the prices. Pakistan Beverages Pvt. Ltd. always tries to retain the prices but sometimes it is essential for them to make an upward change Currently the soft drink industry is under double taxation. The current tax rate is 25% at the retail price. According to Senator Ahmed Ali, Chairman, Senate Standing Committee, after the tax reduction, can not only benefit the companies but also result in a three fold benefit to the country. (Source: www.brecorder.com) TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT: The technological environment, perhaps, is the most dramatic force now shaping our destiny. Technology has a tremendous impact on lifestyles, consumption patterns and our economic well-being. (Kotler, 2003) Although Pakistan is not a very technologically advanced country, it has always remained up to date with technology. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: The political environment includes the laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence the overall running of the company (Kotler, 2003).The uncertain and unstable political environment in Pakistan causes many hindrances to each and every industry likewise the other industries; the beverage industry suffers a lot. Pepsi had also suffered a lot of boycotts for being an international brand. PORTERS FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS: According to Dibb et al, (2006), Michael Porter defined a model for competitive advantage, which consists of five competitive forces. This report will make use of the Porters five forces, to COMPETITOR ANALYSIS: All beverages available in the market are competitors of Pepsi ®, directly or indirectly. These competitors include Coca Cola, RC Cola, Pakola, Double Cola, Amrat cola, Makah Cola. Pepsis direct competitor is Coca-Cola. The non-soft drink competitors are tea, coffee, water, energy drinks, sports drinks, milks, etc which are all consumed on beverage occasions. Pepsi aims to gain a greater share of these occasions. Although Pepsi ® has captured over 70% of the market share in Pakistan (ipbu.co.uk) there is much rivalry between the two cola giants. They have to observe each others strategies for setting prices and executing promotional ideas. Pepsi and Coca-Cola had/have different brands of soda competing with each other: Brand Pepsi Coke Dark Cola PEPSI COCA COLA Diet DIET PEPSI DIET COLA Low calorie PEPSI ONE PEPSI EDGE PEPSI MAX(outside the US) COCA COLA 2 COCA COLA ZERO Lemon Lime Soda SIERRA MIST 7 UP(outside the US) SPRITE Cherry Soda WILD CHERRY PEPSI CHERRY COKE Orange juice TROPICANA MINUTE MAID Iced Tea BRISK NESTEA Root Beer MUG BARQS Sports Drink GATORADE POWERADE Citrus Soda MOUNTAIN DEW Mello Yello Surge Vault Vanilla-Flavored Pepsi Vanilla Vanilla Coke Lime-Flavored Pepsi Lime Coca-Cola with Lime (Source: website of Wikipedia for cola wars) STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF COCA-COLA: STRENGTH WEAKNESS Operating System Low market share Financial Strength Less Promotion Weaker Distribution Network (Please refer Appendices 1(a) for the explanation on the Strengths and weaknesses of Coca Cola COMPANY ANALYSIS: In Pakistan PEPSI Co. is operated under Pakistan Beverage Ltd, which is a major player in the beverage industry. It has been the market leader since 1988; still there is a healthy competition between these two major players, Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Over all, Pepsi Co holds a share of over 70% in the industry and the beverage industry of Pakistan has shown an enormous growth of 30% in the year 2006. (Source: www.iptu.co.uk, pepsico.com, brecorder.com) PRODUCTS OFFERS BY PAKISTAN BEVERAGE Ltd. Flavor Brand Color Cola Pepsi ® Orange Marinda Lime 7 Up Mango Slice Lime Mountain Dew Lemon Teem SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT analysis is a framework, for generating alternatives. It refers to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors whereas, opportunities and threats and external. (Dibb et al. 2006) The SWOT analysis of PEPSI is as follows: SWOT ANALYSIS OF PEPSI: STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT Intensive Distribution Network Lacks Worldwide Acceptance Natural Environment Brand Image Sweeter Taste Operating System Population Financial Backup Promotion Financial Assistance Diversification Awareness Target Market Food division should expand internationally Social, cultural, economic, political and governmental constrains Quality Standard Target health conscious customer base National Image Focus on most important customer trend- Convenience (Please refer Appendix 1(b) for an explanation of the points mentioned above). TOWS MATRIX: TOWS matrix makes use of the SWOT analysis to provide strategic options: STRENGTHS S Intensive Distribution Network Sweeter Taste Promotion Target Market Quality Standard National Image WEAKNESSES W Lacks Worldwide Acceptance Operating System Financial Assistance OPORTUNITIES O Natural Environment Population Diversification Food division should expand internationally Target health conscious customer base Focus on most important customer trend- Convenience SO Strategies Intensive distribution network to reach a wider population Expand into healthier products by its quality standards Target health conscious customers through its promotion and new product launches as it has a national image WO Strategies: Gain advantage through expanding into food based products as it has a name for that THREATS T Brand Image Financial Backup Awareness Social, cultural, economic, political and governmental constrains ST Strategies It has a strong national image to overcome the brand image. It can improve on quality to overcome issues such as pesticides in Pepsi Make use of the national image to overcome, social, economic pressures WT Strategies Slowly build up its image in different countries and avoid unnecessary businesses Give financial backup, to franchises in other countries Should be responsive to the needs of customers around the world rather than just the western market STRATEGIC OPTIONS AND EVALUATION: After analyzing, the TOWS matrix, we can evaluate strategic options for PEPSI as mentioned below: OPTION 1: MAKE USE OF THE STRONG DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TO EXPAND IN THE UNREACHED MARKETS OPTION 2: PEPSIS NATIONAL IMAGE IS VERY STRONG; IT CAN ALSO EXPAND INTO HEALTHIER PRODUCTS AND TARGET HEALTH CONCIOUS CUSTOMERS. OPTION 3: EMPHASIE ON PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES MORE, SUCH AS, QUALITY THAN THE BRAND IMAGE OPTION 4: DIVERFIY INTO OTHER PRODUCTS SUCH AS FOOD AS ALREADY LAUNCHED IN OTHER COUNTRIES AS IT HAS A STRONG PROMOTION BASE OPTION 5: ADOPT SCHOOLS OR CHARIBLE INSTITUTIONS TO MAKE A FAIR IMAGE OF THE BRAND IN PAKISTAN DUE TO BRAND ISSUES OPTION 6: LAUNCH NEW FLAVOURS OF PEPSI, SUCH AS DECAFFINATED DRINKS. OPTION 7: MAINTAIN THE CURRENT POSITION MARKETING STRATEGY AUDIT: According to Dibb et al. (2006) Marketing strategy articulates the best way for a company to use its business resources and tactics to achieve its marketing objectives. It consists of the specific strategies for the target markets and positioning, the marketing mix and marketing expenditure levels. In marketing strategic audit, a company defines its mission statement and marketing objectives and analyzes whether the marketing strategy responds to the threats and opportunities in achieving those goals. BUSINESS MISSION: In the first step of the strategic planning, the company defines its mission statement. A mission statement drives the goals that are to be attained. It also defines the core area of activity of the company as well as, gives everyone a clear view of what the company wants to achieve. (Dibb et al. 2006) Following is the mission statement of Pakistan Beverages Pvt. Ltd. and the analysis of its strength and weaknesses. Pepsi ® Cos overall mission is to increase the value of our shareholders investment. We do this through sales growth, cost controls and wise investment of resources. We believe our commercial success depends upon offering quality and value to our consumers and customers, providing products that are safe, wholesome, economically efficient and environmentally sound, and providing a fair return to our investors while adhering to the highest standards of quality. (Source: www.evablue.com) The mission statement of Pepsi ® Cola International is no doubt a customer and environment oriented mission statement. It identifies the objective of the business that is to increase the profit through customer satisfaction by not compromising on the quality of the product. (Please refer Appendix 3(a) for the strengths and weaknesses of the mission statement) MARKETING OBJECTIVES: The mission of the company leads to a hierarchy of objectives, including the business objectives and marketing objectives. Marketing strategies must be developed in order to support those marketing objectives. The marketing objectives of the company should be clear and specific. (Dibb et al, 2006 and Kotler, 2002). The following are the marketing objectives of Pakistan Beverages Pvt. Ltd. To have the sales figure that is better than the last year The awareness of the product Availability of product to all segment of the consumers (Please refer Appendices 2(b) for an explanation of the points mentioned above.) MARKETING STRATEGY: Strategies direct the opportunities to follow, it leads to the target market that should be captures, the basis for competing and differential or competitive advantage to attain for the desired product. (Dibb et al. 2006) The marketing strategy of Pakistan Beverages Pvt. Ltd. is, To provide the customer the best beverage of the country To create awareness among the customers about the best soft drink available in the country. To give the product, a substantial support to capture its place in the market. (Please refer Appendix 2(c) for the explanation of the points mentioned above) STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGIC FOCUS: After reviewing the overall corporate vision, mission statement, corporate goals and the SWOT analysis, ANSOFF matrix, provides an overall direction of the firm and it helps in the decision making process. (Dibb et al. 2006) ANSOFFS COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES Fig: 1.1 Ansoffs competitive strategies (source: Kotler, 2002, pg 100) According to the Ansoffs matrix, a company may choose one or more competitive strategies to assist strategies objectives. The three growth patterns defined are, intense growth for existing products, diversified growth for new products and new markets and integrated growth for the growth of the company. (Kotler, 2003; Dibb et al. 2006) Currently Pepsi Co. Pakistan is following Intense Growth Strategy through market penetration. MARKET PENETRATION: Market penetration is a strategy for increasing sales for existing products in the existing market. (Dibb et al. 2006) Pepsi try to achieve increased market share through aggressive advertising. Pepsi also sponsors a lot of sports activities and get into promotional offers and deals with different restaurants and educational institutions THE DIFFERENTIATED MARKETING STRATEGY: Selective Strategy: Selective strategy is also known as differential strategy. The product itself may or may not be different as in many cases only the promotional message and distribution channels vary. (Source: www.netmba.com) The Company is very much selective in all of its effort because any slightest change can affect the company. PBL not always uses the same routine for the overall promotion of PEPSI. Since this company has to compete well and one of the business mission of Pakistan Beverages LTD is to become the number one in the Pakistani market, thats why they dont want to give any place to its competitor untouched to attack on the company brand. Cue Strategy: Having so many competitors in the market, especially Coca Cola, Pepsi ® is facing difficulties in differentiating this product. Now the company is using the Cue strategy so as to perceive the customer, that this is the only brand in the market. Pepsi is made available everywhere through intensive distribution. To do this, Pepsi provides stands and refrigerators to the retailers so that PEPSI is made visible at once. MARKET SEGMENTATION: According to (Dibb et al. 2006) market segmentation is a process where heterogeneity can be grouped into smaller homogenous groups. Pepsis market is segmented into two distinct groups: Distribution. Consumer. Distribution With regards to sale, there are three distinguished areas where Pepsi ® is distributed: Open market place, small shops and kiosks. Institutional sales (hotel, club, restaurants etc.) Educational institutes (school, colleges, universities etc.) Consumers As far as consumers are concerned, undifferentiated marketing is practiced. Company doesnt want to confine Pepsi ® to any particular segment. However, their advertising campaigns depict that Pepsi ® is targeted more towards teenagers TARGETING: According to Dibb et al. 20066, targeting involves, decision required to cater a specific segment. TARGET MARKET STRATEGY: A company must keep in mind its capabilities and resources before following a specific targeting strategy. (Dibb et al. 2006). Undifferentiated Strategy: Undifferentiated strategy is, when a company designs, one market segment to cater the entire target market. (Dibb et al.2006). Although, Pepsi uses an undifferentiated Strategy, yet the main focus of Pepsi ® seems towards youngsters under the age bracket of twenties. This generation is called Generation X and constitutes a larger portion of the population. As a result all promotional schemes are targeted towards them. MARKETING PROGRAMMES: To make the marketing strategy a reality, it is very important to make an appropriate marketing mix (Kotler, 2003; Dibb et al. 2002). MARKETING MIX: Marketing Mix comprises of the 4 Ps as mentioned below: Product Price Place/distribution Promotion These are the very essential parts, which determine the success of any corporation. Among these Product, Place, and Promotion are in the hands of the company but sometimes price may or may not be set by the company as in the case of competitive-based pricing, depends upon competitor price and the market mechanism. (Kotlet, 2003; Dibb et al. 2006). In the case of the Pepsi ®, company sets great stress on these elements, which will be discussed briefly, THE PRODUCT VARIABLE: Product variable involves, creating a product keeping customers wants and need in view. (Dibb et al.2006). Pepsi ® A Consumer Product Pepsi ® is a consumer product. People buy Pepsi ® for the personal consumption. So the attributes of people affect this product very much. Peoples liking and disliking, people views about themselves, their views about the product, product positioning in the peoples mind, their taste, preferences, habits, income are some factors, which affect the sale of the Pepsi ®. Category __ Convenience Product Pepsi ® falls in a category of convenience product because of Low price Widespread distribution, convenient locations. Mass promotion by the producer. Product Attributes Quality: Normally consumer category products are very quality sensitive. Pepsi ® is a drink for refreshment and thirst quenching, therefore; the company must focus on the quality level. PRICE VARIABLE: According to Dibb et al. (2006) Price is very a sensitive issue in the case of every product. It is also a major threat in the competitive market. Sales figures are unusually affected if the pricing for the product is not set according the considerations. It is a common experience that Low-Price strategy is normally used to gain a high market share. This strategy is especially useful for the case of new product. (Kotler, 2003) Also High-Price strategy is also set for the purpose to perceive the customer, a product of high value. (Kotler, 2003) Based on the above assumption, we can say that prices affect the people perception about the product. People perception is very important in the purchase decision. Customer buys the product about which they perceived that it is the better product. Event-Based Pricing Pakistan Beverages Pvt. LTD also makes use of the special events in Pakistan. One of the most important events in the Pakistan is RAMADAN. The price of Pepsi in the season of Ramadan in normally less as compared to other seasons. But this special price is normally on the 1 and 1-1/2 liter bottles not on the 250ml. Pricing Strategies: Different pricing strategies exist for different marketing purposes. So marketing objectives plays a significant role in the determination of pricing strategy. Market-Penetration Strategy: Every firm can easily gain a large market share if it provides the better value that justifies the cost of the value. Pepsis pricing strategy is based on the marketing penetration strategy in order to become a market leader in the beverage industry. Positioning Strategy and the Price: It is a general practice that product price is set according to the product positioning. Product positioning gives an imagery of the product i.e. whether the product is luxurious or the convenience product. (Kotler, 2003) Pepsi ® is positioned as a consumer (convenience) product and people buy this product frequently with little involvement, comparison. Pepsi ® is positioned as a drink for thirst quenching and refreshment. So it cannot charge a high price for the product because several substitutes exist in the market. PLACE/DISTRIBUTION: Place Utility Concept: The product must be available at a convenient place for the customers ease (Dibb et al. 2006). One of the most important Concepts is the place utility. One of among several reasons to get a big market share in the Karachi market is the mass distribution by the company. It has been observed that people value the availability of the product. Thus the company follows an Intensive distribution strategy to make the product available everywhere. Distribution Strategy: Pakistan Beverages LTD has a very strong strategy for the distribution of the product. Company knows the importance of the distribution network in this competitive environment. Thats why a proper distribution network is working under the control of Pakistan Beverages Ltd. Intensive Distribution: Intensive distribution is to make the product available at all possible locations (Dibb et al. 2006). Company believes in the Intensive distribution of the product. What makes the Pepsi ® to adopt this strategy is the nature and category of the product because this product is consumed with little or no involvement so one of the great factors which affect the sales of this product is the availability of this product. PROMOTION: Promotion activities refer to the communication activities used to inform consumer about the product (Kotler, 2003). Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy: Pepsi ® is convenience product and it falls under a category of habitual buying behavior. There are many substitutes of Pepsi ® in the market. People buy this product with little involvement. So this kind of products usually requires a well-established promotion strategy. Pepsi ® is also involved in the heavy promotion of this product. So in order to make its promotion and communication more effective, it uses the integrated marketing communication strategy. Promotion Mix: Pepsi ® uses different promotion tool for the promotion of this product. The selection of the tool depends on the nature of the type of promotion Product Life-Cycle Stage: A companys strategies change according to the product life cycle stage. (Kotler, 2003) Promotions for the products in different stages require different promotion strategy. The product, which is in the introduction strategy, requires heavy promotion strategy to create awareness about the product. In the same way, products in the different stages require some other strategy. Since Pepsi is in the middle of the Growth and Maturity stage, the company uses a Push strategy. . Figure: 1.2 (source: Kotler, 2003 pg, 328) Push Strategy: A push strategy refers to, making use of the companys sales force and promotional activities to create consumer demand. (www.tutor2u.net) Company uses a push-strategy for its product Pepsi ®. Company builds-up the consumer demand by different means i.e. by advertising, sales promotion and consumer promotion, so that the product can be easily pushed through its channels and outlets. In promotion, Pepsi ® focuses on two areas, Sports Music In sports, Pepsi ® gives adequate coverage to cricket, which is the most watched sport in Pakistan and Music, by making Leading Cricketers such as Wasim Akram and Shahid Afridi endorse for the product and as well as Pop singers such as Hadiqa Kiyani promoting Pepsi. Tools of Promotion Another major decision is to determine which tool for the promotion is to use. Some of the tools for the promotion are given below. Advertising: This tool is quite successful for the past few years. Company uses this tool to promote its product among its customer. Advertising Objectives Persuasion: The main primary objective of the advertising of the Pepsi ® is to persuade the consumer to buy this brand. Pepsi ® advertises through the following media: Magazines and newspapers. Radio and television. Outdoor displays (Posters, billboards, signs and skywriting). Pepsi ® conducts advertising to achieve the following benefits: Long-term build up of the Pepsis image Institutional advertising. Long-term build of the brand name, Pepsi ® Brand advertising. Information dissemination about a particular sale (price reduction) or event (new promotional scheme) Classified advertising. (Kotler, 2003) (Please refer APPENDIX 3(A) for brand image and brand identity) RECOMMENDATIONS AND CHOSEN MARKETING STRATEGY: Pepsi is the leading soft-drink brand of Pakistan. Currently all the efforts done by the company, are keeping Pepsi as a market leader however, the company should adopt the following in order to maintain its share and to remain aggressive in the market. ANSOFFS MATRIX: INTENSIVE STRATEGY: The company has already adopted the strategy of Market Penetration through, advertising and pricing however, there is a very little development of Pepsi in the other two strategies: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: It is a strategy to increase sales by either developing new products or by making an extension of the current product. (Dibb et al. 2006) Although Pepsi has been in Pakistan from a long time, it has done very little in order to launch new products as already launched in other countries. Pepsi should think about extending the current line of Pepsi to the decaffeinated Pepsi as well as brining other flavors of Pepsi in Pakistan. Expand into Healthier Products: Many consumers are seeking to lead a healthier lifestyle, reducing fat and sugar in their diets. It should, launch Tropicana and energy drink products in Pakistan. Because of the increase in the consumer health awareness, the rise in sales for these markets has steadily grown over recent years. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: Product development is a strategy to improve sales by introducing current products in new markets. (Dibb et al. 2006). PEPSI is right now, catering most urban and some rural areas. Pepsi should reach the old age people and rural places like those in Balochistan and NWFP which remains uncatered. MARKETING MIX: Although the marketing mix of Pepsi is very good, the alternatives and recommendations mentioned above can go with the same marketing mix but, however, it should i

term insurance Essay examples -- essays research papers

Why buy life insurance? Many financial experts consider life insurance to be the cornerstone of sound financial planning. It is generally a cost-effective way to provide for your loved ones after you are gone. It can be an important tool in the following ways: Income replacement For most people, their key economic asset is their ability to earn a living. If you have dependents, then you need to consider what would happen to them if they no longer have your income to rely on. Proceeds from a life insurance policy can help supplement retirement income. This can be especially useful if the benefits of your surviving spouse or domestic partner will be reduced after your death. Pay outstanding debts and long-term obligations Consider life insurance so that your loved ones have the money to offset burial costs, credit card debts and medical expenses not covered by health insurance. In addition, life insurance can be used to pay off the mortgage, supplement retirement savings and help pay college tuition. Estate planning The proceeds of a life insurance policy can be structured to pay estate taxes so that your heirs will not have to liquidate other assets. Term Life Insurance Term life insurance provides a death benefit only if death occurs during the "term" or coverage period of the policy. If you outlive your term or quit paying premiums, your policy lapses and is of no value. Term life insurance plays a vital role in proper financial planning. People who buy term may do so for several reasons such as: Temporary need - They have a temporary need, which lends itself to a temporary solution, i.e., raising children, education, paying off a mortgage, a business buy/sell agreement. Affordability - Term premiums are very affordable. If you're in excellent health, you can get a lot of coverage for very little cost. The Gamble 95% of all term policies go unpaid. In other words, if you took a random sample of 100 people who purchased term insurance, 95 of them would outlive their terms. The insurance companies know this. That is how they can afford to offer a 45 year-old male $250,000 worth of coverage for a 20-year term for only $375 per year. They've crunched the numbers and are willing to bet that you and a whole lot of other people are going to outlive your policies. Because term is inexpensive, there is much less commitment. When you want o... ... investment performance, especially with variable life. Unlike stocks or mutual funds, tracking sub-account and overall investment performance is quite complicated because one must consider all of the charges, which are changing constantly. The following are some guidelines we use to help determine what type of insurance you should buy: You Should Buy Term If You: only need coverage for a specific period of time, - like a house mortgage or until your children are independent. need a lot of coverage and can't afford permanent have low cash flow - if you're living paycheck to paycheck and don't think you can keep up with the permanent payments, triggering surrender charges. have other investments and are committed and self-disciplined to make regular deposits. don't want the commitment required from permanent insurance You Should Buy Permanent Insurance If You: have a high net worth and are seeking a tax-advantaged investment don't want to risk outliving your term and having nothing to show for it understand that permanent insurance is a long-term commitment need insurance for estate planning purposes want forced savings want guaranteed life insurance for life

Hitlers Rise To Power :: essays research papers fc

Hitler’s Rise To Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who or what was responsible for Hitler’s rise to power? Many believe that there was only one factor for his rise to power. Some state that Hitler could not have risen to power in any other than Germany, implying that he was nothing more than a product of German culture. Others say that Hitler made himself dictator by means of his political genius. And yet still others claim that it was the weak democratic government of the Weimar Republic or Germany’s social and economic scene in the 1930’s that made the people restless and ready for a dictator to come to power. There was no sole cause for Hitler’s rise to power. There were two. The political and economic chaos of the 1920’s and the 1930’s joined forces with German culture that enabled Hitler to rise to power. Both play an equal part. Together, both reasons fit together like pieces of a puzzle, to create a unique situation for Hitler’s rise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitler was in part a product of German culture. German culture stands out as particularly aggressive and racist. The values and ideas found in this culture’s history inspired Hitler to do many things that he did and can explain in part why he felt the way he did on certain issues (Stern).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stevens 2 Hundreds of years before Hitler emerged, German philosophers and artist preached an almost religious worship of the state. They discussed the idea of the master race, and created a mythology of German heroism that encouraged loyalty to the group and glorified death for the country. Hitler and many Germans like him, was an enthusiastic student of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel who argued that the State â€Å"has the supreme right against the individual, whose supreme duty is to be a member of the State.† Hegel foresaw in the early 1800’s that â€Å"Germany’s hour† would come and that the country’s mission would be to redevelop the world. A German hero would complete this mission (Landry). Like Hegel, another German philosopher more directly portrayed the conventionality and obedience necessary for a secure State. Heinrich von Treitschke espoused that it was of no consequence what you thought about anything, just as long as you obeyed German law. Germany’s tradition also produced Friedrich Nietzsche who preached the coming of a master race and the superman who would conquer, impose a glorified state, and purify the master race.

He Says, She Says: A Synthesis Essay -- Essays Papers

He Says, She Says: A Synthesis Communication between men and women is a constant comparison of differing and many times opposite forms of reasoning. But should these differences hinder our ability to communicate with the opposite sex? There are many differing opinions concerning this topic. While trying to understand our differences we have lost site of the fact that somewhere in our conflicting thought patterns and methods of communication is the challenge and intrigue that attracts us to the opposite sex. Rather than seeing our communication diversities as obstacles we should consider them challenges that draw and keep our attention. You do not need to be an expert on human behavior to appreciate gender classified language and its effects on male female relationships, however many experts have attempted to tackle the issue. Deborah Tannen is the author of several books concerning inter-gender relations and addresses the issue of differing reasoning resulting in misunderstanding. Tannen describes differences between male and female communication skills as a series of predetermined thought patterns. She states that men and women simply have a different way of going about communication. She believes that different ways of communicating stem from differing desired results of the conversation at hand. A married couple was in a car when the wife turned to her husband and asked, â€Å"Would you like to stop for a coffee?† â€Å"No, thanks,† he answered truthfully. So they didn’t stop. The result? The wife, who had indeed wanted to stop, became annoyed because she felt her preference had not been considered. The husband, seeing his wife was angry, became frustrate. Why didn’t she just say what she wanted? (Tannen p... ... the office. These anecdotes are entirely anti-female based and sound more like what a paranoid feminist might think than what actually goes through the minds of men and women alike in the workplace. However Josefowitz accurately portrays the inevitable presence of separation of thought patterns between men and women. As much as the problems associated with inter-gender communications are a result of differing ways of expression, so are they results of differing ways of comprehension. So before we point a finger at the opposite sex we must first examine our own. Think not of our communicative troubles as deterrents, but rather as attractions and representations of our exceptional differences. Works Cited - Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"Can’t we Talk?† A Meeting of Minds. - Turner, Robin. â€Å"Male Logic and Woman’s Intuition†. A Meeting of Minds.

Grandparent and Classroom Clinical Experience Essay

My classroom clinical experience overall was very interesting and educational. Educational in more ways than one, I gained a lot of hands on experience as well learned the basic routine of a nursing and rehabilitation facilities. I was introduced to some really great in the field skills as well some not so great methods of doing these skills. Things were not done to terrible bad just a few skills that I know I learned in class the correct way that should have been implied the correct way at the facility a bit better than they were. Now let’s discuss the wonderful residents that blessed my day and actually made me feel like I had done and accomplished something so absolutely wonderful at the end of the day. These individuals were just as precious as they could be some with great dispositions and some with unknowing dispositions if you will. There was one resident that just really stole my heart but I think she was a nuisance to the other staff there, simply because she was a bit needy or always turning on her light even though you were just in her room. I just melted for her; I felt she just wanted someone to talk to or to just be in the room with her. She seemed to be lonely as well a bit weak and just wanting to feel of importance. So I managed to peek my head in her door whenever I walked by just to say Hello to her. There was one other resident that just absolutely didn’t want to have anything with me the first day of clinicals as to where the next day she just talked and talked like I was one of her kind or something. It is amazing how just getting to know someone just a bit even if it is just seeing them or hearing their voice a few times will let a resident open up. There were a few things I really wished I had all the time of the day to express myself to a few of the staff to maybe let them realize that the residents are just as human as they are and that they are someone’s loved one and needed to be treated as equal as the next. As well they need to treat them like they would their great grandmother or great grandfather or even their mother or father, and some important skills need to be practiced more efficiently such as wiping and cleaning after bowel movements, touching the pillows, covers, faucets, and door knobs with dirty gloves. These two things are so important when it comes to cleanliness and the prevention of spreading germs and should be better practiced. Sometimes I wondered if the staff even washed their hands after they used the restroom. On a much lighter note and off my soapbox clinicals were a great experience and very enjoyable. I did get to actually put some of my skills of what was learned in class to use. I got to experience some good and some bad which was enlightening to help me overall with a better understanding of my skills. My classroom clinical experience overall was very interesting and educational. Educational in more ways than one, I gained a lot of hands on experience as well learned the basic routine of a nursing and rehabilitation facilities. I was introduced to some really great in the field skills as well some not so great methods of doing these skills. Things were not done to terrible bad just a few skills that I know I learned in class the correct way that should have been implied the correct way at the facility a bit better than they were. Now let’s discuss the wonderful residents that blessed my day and actually made me feel like I had done and accomplished something so absolutely wonderful at the end of the day. These individuals were just as precious as they could be some with great dispositions and some with unknowing dispositions if you will. There was one resident that just really stole my heart but I think she was a nuisance to the other staff there, simply because she was a bit needy or always turning on her light even though you were just in her room. I just melted for her; I felt she just wanted someone to talk to or to just be in the room with her. She seemed to be lonely as well a bit weak and just wanting to feel of importance. So I managed to peek my head in her door whenever I walked by just to say Hello to her. There was one other resident that just absolutely didn’t want to have anything with me the first day of clinicals as to where the next day she just talked and talked like I was one of her kind or something. It is amazing how just getting to know someone just a bit even if it is just seeing them or hearing their voice a few times will let a resident open up. There were a few things I really wished I had all the time of the day to express myself to a few of the staff to maybe let them realize that the residents are just as human as they are and that they are someone’s loved one and needed to be treated as equal as the next. As well they need to treat them like they would their great grandmother or great grandfather or even their mother or father, and some important skills need to be practiced more efficiently such as wiping and cleaning after bowel movements, touching the pillows, covers, faucets, and door knobs with dirty gloves. These two things are so important when it comes to cleanliness and the prevention of spreading germs and should be better practiced. Sometimes I wondered if the staff even washed their hands after they used the restroom. On a much lighter note and off my soapbox clinicals were a great experience and very enjoyable. I did get to actually put some of my skills of what was learned in class to use. I got to experience some good and some bad which was enlightening to help me overall with a better understanding of my skills.

MAS 500 operating system

MAS 500 operating system can increase efficiency in management. It was built up with Microsoft office and Visual Basic and has been seen as good financial accounting software. (Sage software) MAS 500 can integrate business intelligence; order processing, distribution and manufacture (Sage software) and is designed to help companies manage operations. The software is dependable and reliable and covers all areas of e –business and can support large volumes of data and respond to growth in the business. (Tech target. 2008) MAS 500integrates with other applications and can be customised without programming.(Tech target. 2008) The disadvantage in its implementation is the cost involved to purchase the software and then train staff to use it. However, with the increased efficiency MAS 500 is often seen as a good investment reducing costs in the long run. The time taken to upgrade can be seen as a disadvantage as it cuts into business profits. MAS 500 have been seen that leading comp anies have taken this new software. Fortune Brands has upgraded and MAS 500 performs general ledger, accounts payable and cash management tasks. (Best software, 2003).MAS 500 can automate areas of business management such as core and advanced financials, customer relationship management, project accounting, time and expense tracking, wholesale distribution, discrete manufacturing, warehouse management, human resources, payroll, e-business and business intelligence. (TechTarget. 2008)MAS 500 is user friendly and allows most companies to run it quickly in less time then previous soft wares. (Best software, 2003) Thus the cost constraint would eventually be outweighed by the many benefits this software has to offer.References Best software (2003) A most admired company selects MAS 500 and ASP. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on the 14Th of November 2008:http://whitepapers. silicon. com/0,39024759,60040974p,00. htm Sage software. Sage MAS 500 retrieved from the World Wide Web on the 1 4Th of November 2008: http://www. sagemas. com/products/sagemas500/ Tech Target. (2008) Sage Software. Sage MAS500. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on the 14Th of November 2008: http://www. 2020software. com/products/Sage_MAS_500. asp

Finding Nemo Essay

Finding Nemo is a film where a clown fish named Marlin living in the Great Barrier Reef loses his son, Nemo at a school excursion to the open sea. After Marlin’s despite warnings about the danger of the sea, Nemo gets taken away by a bunch of divers taken back to a Sydney dentist office. When his son was taken away from him, Marlin goes on a journey to rescue him. Throughout the journey Marlin has his up and downs but in the end he learns how to not be afraid and to let go and believe through humour from Dory, a lost fish he met at the start of his journey. A journey is defined as a transition from one place to another and Finding Nemo directly relates to this from its plot line, a physical journey from point A to point B and how much Marlin changes on the journey. At the start of the film he is a cautious father, understandably though as Nemo is the only offspring he has left after a shark ate his wife and all their eggs. Marlin does everything to keep his only son safe and sets out clear boundaries. Once his son is captured Marlin goes to extreme lengths to get him back and on the way changes as a person. He meets all sorts of animals he never though he would meet or see and learns from each and every one of them. For example, Dory, a lost and confused fish who has no real direction in life due to her terrible memory and absent presence of mind. Dory miraculously remembers everything when she is around marlin and proves to him that not everything is as bad as it seems and to look at the bright side of life instead of only the negatives. An example of this is â€Å"P.Sherman 42 Wallaby Way, Sydney†, the location of Nemo. Marlin was only looking at the negatives of the situation like the distance getting there, the fact that they might get eaten, losing their way and ending up in the middle of the sea instead, being stuck with a lunatic who will not let him be by himself for any period of time and not reaching his son whilst dory provides a positive aspect to the film with her cluelessness and innocence. Dory becomes an influential character because she shapes Marlin’s way of thinking through her speaking manner, recklessness and her willingness to try new things. Dory’s humour allows marlin to let go and believe in fate. An example of this is comparing Marlin at the start to the end of the text. At the start he is dull, boring and only concerned about his boy, when asked to tell a joke to Nemo’s friends’ Dads he responds with a terrible, boring joke that no one finds humorous. He treats the dads with complete disregard doesn’t try very hard to communicate with them. A changing for all this was the run-in with the sword fish, they told Marlin outright he was being rude to Dory and he should always remember to take care of her.

Family Guy Essay

Family guy is a dysfunctional family that lives in Quahog, Rhode Island. The parents: Peter and Lois. The children: the oldest, Meg, the middle child, Chris and the baby is Stewie. Last but not least, the dog Brian. This TV show exhibits crude, adult humour. There are many different opinions on this show, many parents are ok with letting there children watch it and other refuse to do so because of the kind of humour some parents are on edge. So is family guy a negative influence on children? I believe it does have a negative influence on kids. To start the language they use, secondly the violence and actions towards each other and other and also it is a very sexist show. Firstly, the language used in the episodes of family guy is a very vulgar, crude, dirty and coarse. They swear a lot for example when Brian talks to Megs friend he says, quote â€Å"you know Connie, I think I have a theory about why you’re such a bitch†. If kids watch this on TV by fictional characters they can’t tell that its not the way to talk so they can repeat it at school or even say it to there parents and they do not want their children to talk that way. Also the language they use that discriminates different races, religions and gay people is negative on the children watching this show it gives them the impression that it’s ok, so if in school or at the shopping center they see a person of colour or even if they know a person of different religion they might talk to them and say things that are very inappropriate. For example where the children could get it from, episode two of season eight , the whole episode is about Jewish people, Louis finds out that she and her mother are Jewish and wants to peruse fallowing the Jewish culture but then peter says to her â€Å"Jews are gross Lois. It’s the only religion with the word ew in it. And there are also the comments that discriminate against people of colour and to do so they use Kermit the frog, the black man sitting in a boat (looks like he is escaping from being a slave) asks him â€Å"which way to get into town? † Kermit replies with a shot gun in his hand â€Å"back from where you came from†. This is just a tiny bit of what happens in the show. This show is very negative on children and they way they will interact with other in public. They also make fun of amputees, this can be very harmful to the way children interact with other kids that have this kind of problem example Joe is Peter Griffins neighbour and there is an episode that says no legs no service. Also, this show is a very sexist show, they always make reference to women being in the kitchen and that is all they’re good at for example, in one episode peter tells Louis that making sandwiches and babies are the only thing she is good for. This kind of behaviour shows to young children that women are no good for anything because that is how the men on this show treat the women. There’s also lots of coarse language towards women, for example Quagmire a neighbours always has many women over to his house for pleasurable reasons and you hear him call them names like whores, bitches, sluts and more this foul language towards women is another bad influence. Also peter has a teenage daughter Meg, everyone in the show is mean to her. This girl is treated very badly for example in an episode she had sexual intercourse with a guy and a little after that the guy Brandon, broke up with her, in another episode she has another boyfriend Luke and Louis, her mother stole him away from her. Peter never listens to her and Brian always picks on her. This gives the children watching a sense that’s it is ok to treat women like dogs because in the end they stay with you. Because no matter what kind of pranks or insults Peter does to Louis she never leaves him. Lastly, the amount of violence and the stupid actions that the characters do is a big part of family guy there’s always someone getting hurt or doing something illegal for example doing drugs. They have an episode dedicated to four-twenty; there are many episodes that show peter, Louis and Brian doing weed and other drugs like meth and cocaine. Also one of the episodes shows peter bringing Stewie his baby to a man that injects him with steroids because he was beat on by another baby but it was a girl and peter wanted Stewie to be a strong baby. This give the impression to children that taking drugs is ok because family guy does it. Nothing bad ever happens to these characters only funny events or they come out of it. It doesn’t show them the side effects or any of the real effects it has on them so kids think its only play and when its offered to them by others like friends they will take it and this can all lead to hospitalization and even death. But the children won’t see that on TV. Also there’s an episode that Stewie shoots Louis and pushes her over a boat into the water and dies but there’s a turn around and at the end of this episode Louis is really alive. If a child who doesn’t know any better sees this he will not understand that it is not real and that if you shoot someone they will most likely die. So if this child happens to find a gun in his father’s drawer and starts playing with and they’re playing cops and shoots the other child he will not think anything of it because in family guy the character came to life again, but in real life the child is dead. This will have a negative effect on the child and all he thought was that he was playing. The violence in this show is for an older audience, it will only have a negative effect on younger children. In conclusion, family guy is a show full of violence, drugs, sex, coarse language, racism and more. It should only be viewed by an older audience and not younger because it makes younger children who don’t know what is real and what’s not and what’s wrong and what’s not, react to different situations. So should TV shows like family guy be cancelled completely?